Ammonia observations of the nearby molecular cloud MBM 12

We present NH3(1,1) and NH3(2,2) observations of MBM 12, the closest known molecular cloud (65 pc distance), aimed to find evidence for on-going star formation processes. No local temperature (with a T_rot upper limit of 12 K) nor linewidth enhancement is found, which suggests that the area of the cloud we mapped (~ 15' size) is not currently forming stars. Therefore, this close ``starless'' molecular gas region is an ideal laboratory to study the physical conditions preceding new star formation. A radio continuum source was found in Very Large Array archive data, close but outside the NH3 emission. This source is likely to be a background object.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, accepted by MNRA

Etiología, importancia y distribución de la seca del garbanzo en el valle del Guadalquivir

La «Seca» o «Fusariosis» del garbanzo (Cicer arietinum, L.)> fue señalada por algunos autores como la enfermedad más importante del cultivo en Andalucía, atribuyéndole importantes pérdidas de cosecha. Sin embargo, el conocimiento en nuestro país sobre su etiología, epidemiología y lucha era prácticamente inexistente, salvo por investigaciones preliminares que indicaron la posibilidad de que la «Fusariosis» incluyera un complejo de enfermedades, que denominamos Marchitez y Podredumbre de Raíz (MPR). Los objetivos generales de las investigaciones incluidas en este trabajo fueron determinar la importancia y distribución de la MPR en el valle del Guadalquivir y su naturaleza etiológica y sintomatológica. Durante 1979 a 1981, se realizaron prospecciones sistemáticas en 108 campos de garbanzo en la Campiña de Córdoba y Sevilla, con un total de más de 1.300 ha., en las que se efectuaron observaciones sobre la sintomatología, incidencia y severidad de los ataques de la MPR. Plantas afectadas con los síntomas característicos se muestrearon para completar las descripciones sintomatológicas de campo y aislar en cultivo puro e identificar los posibles agentes asociados. La patogenicidad de los organismos consistentemente aislados se investigó en inoculaciones con suelo infestado artificialmente, o por inmersión de raices o cultivo de plantas, en una suspensión de inoculo. En suelo infestado con aislamiento patogénicos de Fusarium oxysporum y F. solani, se investigó lá susceptibilidad a ellos de once especies de leguminosas cultivadas, así como las diferencias en patogenicidad para varios cultivos de garbanzo. Cinco complejos sintomatología», amarilleamiento, marchitez, podredumbre seca de raíz, enanismo amarillento y clorosis, se identificaron asociados con la MPR del garbanzo. Todos ellos estuvieron uniformemente distribuidos en la campiña de Córdoba y Sevilla, siendo amarilleamiento y marchitez los más importantes. Tres especies fúngicas, F. oxysporum, F. solani y Macrophomina phaseolina, se aislaron consistentemente de plantas afectadas de los diferentes complejos sintomatológicos y resultaron patogénicos sobre garbanzo en inoculaciones artificiales. Los aislamientos de F. oxysporum fueron clasificados en tres grupos por características morfofisiológicas y patogénicas, caracterizándose, principalmente, por el tipo de síntoma que causaron: marchitez vascular, amarilleamiento vascular y amarilleamiento no vascular con lesiones necróticas corticales en el cuello y raíz. Los dos primeros grupos mostraron especificidad patogénica para garbanzo, por lo que pueden ser considerados como F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. La patogenicidad diferencial de ambos grupos sobre cultivares de garbanzo indica que petenecen a diferentes razas fisiológicas. F. solani causó amarilleamiento y podredumbre negra de cuello y raíz, existiendo diferencias morfofisiológicas y de patogenicidad entre aislamientos. Uno de los más virulentos fue identificado como F. eumartii. Los aislamientos de F. solani y F. eumartii resultaron patogénicos sobre garbanzo, haba (Vicia faba L.), guisante (Pisum sativum L.), lenteja (Lens escuelenta Moench.), Lupinus albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus y L. mutabilis, por lo que rigurosamente no pueden ser caracterizados como alguna de las formas especializadas conocidas, aunque por la reacción observada parecen mejor adaptados a garbanzo, haba y guisante que a las restantes especies. M. phaseolina causó amarilleamiento y podredumbre seca de cuello y raíz. Las infecciones en inoculaciones artificiales fueron mas severas a altas temperaturas y bajo contenido de agua en el suelo, confirmando asi las observaciones de campo. Nuestros resultados señalan a F. oxysporum como agente de la marchitez y del amarilleamiento vasculares, a F. solani como agente del amarilleamiento no vascular asociado con podredumbre negra de cuello y raíz y a M. phaseolina como agente de la podredumbre seca de raíz; si bien, en el complejo amarilleamiento estuvieron implicadas las tres especies fúngicas, así como factores abióticos. Nuestras observaciones indican, asimismo, que el enanismo amarillento puede ser causado por el virus del enrollado de las hojas del guisante (PLRV), aunque otros virus pueden estar implicados, y que la clorosis resulta de una deficiencia férricaSeveral authors have considered the «Seca or fusariosis» disease as the most important disease that causes severe losses of seed yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Andalucía. Nevertheless, there is little knowledge of the etiology, epidemiology and control of that disease, except for some preliminary research which indicated that «Seca» might include a disease complex hereafter named Will and Root Rot (WRR). The objetives of the present study were to determine the etiology, symptomatology, importance and distribution of WRR of chickpeas in the Guadalquivir Valley (Southern Spain). Systematic disease surveys were carried out in the Cordoba and Sevilla provinces of Andalucía, including 108 chickpea fields and 1.300 ha. Observations were made on symptomatology, incidence and severity of WRR attacks. Samples of affected plants were used for further observations and isolations. Pathogenicity of the fungi which were isolated was investigated in artificially infested soil or by dipping the roots or growing plants in a inoculum suspension. Differential pathogenicity to chickpea cultivars and pathogenicity to eleven legume species were investigated in soil artificially infested with isolates of Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani. Five symptom complexes were found associated with WRR attacks: Will, Yellowing, Dry Root Rot, Yellow Stunt and Chlorosis. All symptom complexes were widely and uniformly distributed in Cordoba and Sevilla provinces, but Will and Yellowing cxcurred with higher prevalence, incidence and severity. F. oxysporum, F. solani and Macrophomina phaseolina, were consistently isolated from plants affected by the various symptom complexes. Isolates of those fungi were found to be pathogenic to chickpea in artificial inoculation experiments. Three groups of F. oxysporum isolates were distinguished according to morphological and pathogenic characteristics. Isolates of the different groups caused either vascular will, vascular yellowing, or nonvascular yellowing along with cortical necrotic lesions of collar and root. Isolates inducing vascular wilt or yellowing showed pathogenic specialization to chickpea and may be consideres as F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Those isolates also showed differential pathogenicity to chickpea cultivars, indicating that they belong to different pathogenic races. Isolates of F. solani induced foliar yellowing and black collar and root rot, but differed in morpho-physiological characteristics and virulence. One of the most virulent isolates of F. solani induced foliar yellowing and black collar and root rot, but differed in morpho-physiological characteristics and virulence. One of the most virulent isolates of F. solani was further identified as F. eumartii. Isolates of F. solani and F. eumartii were pathogenic to chickpea, faba bean (Vicia faba L.). pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens esculenta Moench), Lupinus albus L., L. angustifolius L., L. luteus L. and L. mutabilis Sweet., and therefore cannot be considered as belonging to any of the known formae speciales of F. solani. Nevertheless, as indicated by the severity of disease reactions observed, those isolates seem to be more adapted to chickpea, faba bean and pea than to any of the other species. M. phaseolina induced yellowing and dry collar and root rot. Infections by this pathogen in artificial inoculations were most severe at high temperatures and low soil water content, thus confirming field observations on incidence and severity of the disease. Our results indicate that F. oxysporum, F. solani and M. phaseolina are, respectively, the agents of Vascular Will and Yellowing, Non-Vascular Yellowing and Black Collar and Root Rot, and Dry Root Rot, However, those three species as well as abiotic factors were involved in the etiology of the Yellowing symptom complex in the field. Also, our observations in the field indicate that the Chlorosis complex is due to an iron deficiency, and that the Yellow Stunt symptom complex might be induced by pea leaf roll virus, although other plants viruses could be involved as well

Heterologous expression of AtNPR1 gene in olive for increasing fungal tolerance

The NPR1 gene encodes a key component of SAR signaling mediated by salicylic acid (SA). After a pathogen infection, the accumulation of SA releases NPR1 monomers in the cytosol that are translocated to the nucleus, activating the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Overexpression of NPR1 has conferred resistance to fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens in several plant species. The aim of this research was to generate transgenic olive plants expressing the gene AtNPR1 from Arabidopsis thaliana to obtain material resistant to fungal pathogens. Three transgenic lines expressing AtNPR1 gene under the control of the constitutive promoter CaMV35S were obtained following the protocol of Torreblanca et al. (2010), using an embryogenic line derived from a seed of cv. Picual. Level of AtNPR1 expression in transgenic calli varied greatly among the different lines, being higher in the line NPR1-780. The elicitation of embryogenic calli in liquid medium with AS did not increase endochitinase activity, a PR protein. However, jasmonic acid induced a transient increase in chitinase activity after 24 h of treatment in all the lines, being the increment higher in transgenic NPR1 than in control. After maturation and germination of transgenic somatic embryos, plants were micropropagated and acclimated to ex vitro conditions. The expression of AtNPR1 did not alter the growth of transgenic plants neither in vitro nor in the greenhouse. Experiments are in progress to determine the resistance of transgenic AtNPR1 plants to V. dalihae and R. necatrix.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Research projects: Plan Nacional AGL2014-52518-C2-1-R; AGL2017-83368-C2-1-R and Junta de Andalucía P11-AGR799

EQUIPT: protocol of a comparative effectiveness research study evaluating cross-context transferability of economic evidence on tobacco control

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Tobacco smoking claims 700 000 lives every year in Europe and the cost of tobacco smoking in the EU is estimated between €98 and €130 billion annually; direct medical care costs and indirect costs such as workday losses each represent half of this amount. Policymakers all across Europe are in need of bespoke information on the economic and wider returns of investing in evidence-based tobacco control, including smoking cessation agendas. EQUIPT is designed to test the transferability of one such economic evidence base-the English Tobacco Return on Investment (ROI) tool-to other EU member states

Cost-effectiveness of Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarkers and amyloid-PET in early-onset cognitive impairment diagnosis

This study aimed at determining the cost-effectiveness of amyloid-positron emission tomography (PET) compared to Alzheimer's disease (AD) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (amyloid-?42, total-Tau and phosphorylated-Tau) for the diagnosis of AD in patients with early-onset cognitive impairment. A decision tree model using a national health care perspective was developed to compare the costs and effectiveness associated with Amyloid-PET and AD CSF biomarkers. Available evidence from the literature and primary data from Hospital Clínic de Barcelona were used to inform the model and calculate the efficiency of these diagnostic alternatives. Medical visits and diagnostic procedures were considered and reported in €2020. We calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio to measure the cost per % of correct diagnoses detected and we perform one-way deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses to assess the uncertainty of these results. Compared with AD CSF biomarkers, Amyloid-PET resulted in 7.40% more correctly diagnosed cases of AD, with an incremental total mean cost of €146,854.80 per 100 cases. We found a 50% of probability that Amyloid-PET was cost-effective for a willingness to pay (WTP) of €19,840.39 per correct case detected. Using a WTP of €75,000, the probability that it is cost-effective reached a maximum of 76.9%, thus leading to a conclusion that Amyloid-PET is not a cost-effective technique compared to AD CSF biomarkers, unless the funder is willing to pay a minimum of €19,840.39 to detect one more correct case. Furthermore, obtaining CSF provides simultaneous information on amyloid ? and tau biomarkers and allows other biomarkers to be analyzed at a relatively low cost.© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany

Influence of Cultivar and Biocontrol Treatments on the Effect of Olive Stem Extracts on the Viability of Verticillium dahliae Conidia

The effect of olive (Olea europaea) stem extract (OSE) on the viability of conidia of Verticillium dahliae, the causal agent of Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), is not yet well understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of the olive genotype (cultivar resistance) and the interaction between olive cultivars and biocontrol treatments on the effect of OSE on conidial germination of V. dahliae by in vitro sensitivity tests. To this end, OSE from cultivars Frantoio, Arbequina, and Picual, respectively tolerant, moderately susceptible, and highly susceptible to V. dahliae, were tested alone or after treatments with biological control agents (BCAs) and commercial products efficient at reducing the progress of VWO. Aureobasidium pullulans strain AP08, Phoma sp. strain ColPat-375, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain PAB-24 were considered as BCAs. Aluminium lignosulfonate (IDAI Brotaverd®), copper phosphite (Phoscuprico®), potassium phosphite (Naturfos®), and salicylic acid were selected as commercial products. Our results indicate that the influence of biological treatments against the pathogen depends on the genotype, since the higher the resistance of the cultivar, the lower the effect of the treatments on the ability of OSE to inhibit the germination of conidia. In ‘Picual’, the BCA B. amyloliquefaciens PAB024 and copper phosphite were the most effective treatments in inhibiting conidia germination by the OSE. This work represents a first approach to elucidate the role of cultivar and biological treatments in modifying the effect on the pathogen of the endosphere content of olive plants

Tratamientos fungicidas para el control del chancro causado por Diplodia sp. en alcornoque

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un ensayo de fungicidas para el control de daños de Diplodia sp. sobre alcornoque. Los productos ensayados han sido: oxicloruro de cobre, folpet y benomilo. El análisis en laboratorio de las muestras recogidas corroboró la abundante presencia de Diplodia sp. en la parcela de San Carlos del Tiradero (Cádiz). Los árboles tratados con benomilo y benomilo + oxicloruro de cobre presentaban menor número de chancros que los demás, aunque no han existido diferencias significativas entre los distintos tratamientos y los árboles testigos. En ambas parcelas, la severidad de los síntomas resultó significativamente menor en los árboles tratados con benomilo + oxicloruro de cobre. Los resultados han puesto de manifiesto la eficacia de los tratamientos de benomilo y benomilo + oxicloruro de cobre para el control de daños de Diplodia sp

Surgical ciliated cyst of the maxilla. Clinical case

Surgical ciliated cyst is uncommon in Western countries but frequently reported in Asian populations as a delayed complication of surgery, with inclusion in the bone of nasal or sinus mucosa. Isolated cases have also been reported in the mandible after orthognathic surgery. We report a case in the maxillary region three years after radical sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis. Intraoral examination revealed a small painless tumefaction with no color change in the surrounding tissues. Computed tomography demonstrated a well-defined intraosseous lesion lateral to the maxillary sinus. The lesion was completely excised, when histology demonstrated a pseudostratified ciliated epithelial lining. Differential diagnosis from other lesions such as an odontogenic keratocyst or inflammatory cyst were also made. This case report,uncommon in Western countries, of a surgical ciliated cyst illustrates the need for a meticulous surgical technique, proper management of complications, and routine, long-term follow-up of patients undergoing any type of sinus surgery

Efecto de distintas fertilizaciones de fósforo en la resistencia de brinzales de encina y alcornoque a "Phytophthora cinnamomi" Rands

El factor de contribución más virulento en el proceso de decaimiento forestal en el sur de la península ibérica es el Oomiceto Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Recientes investigaciones avalan el uso de fertilizaciones fosfóricas y fosfitos como fungicida contra Phytophthora cinnamomi. El objetivo general de este trabajo es estudiar el efecto de la fertilización fosfórica en brinzales de Quercus ilex y Q. suber sobre la resistencia a la podredumbre radical producida por P. cinnamomi. Se realizó un ensayo con brinzales de encina y alcornoque que previamente habían sido cultivados con un programa de fertilización fosfórica, dando lugar a cuatro tratamientos: Fosfato-A (3 mg P2O5 por planta), Fosfato-B (6 mg de P2O5 por planta), Fosfito (0,15 mg de P2O5 por planta) y no fertilizado. El ensayo se realizó en invernadero y tuvo una duración de 7 meses. Consistió en inocular las plantas de los distintos tratamientos con Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. y estudiar la evolución de sus atributos morfológicos (altura, diámetro del cuello de la raíz y biomasa de raíz secundaria) y fisiológicos (contenido foliar de nutrientes). Los resultados mostraron que la fertilización con fosfatos no había mejorado la resistencia a la podredumbre radical causada por P. cinnamomi, mientras que el fosfito logró controlar totalmente la infección del patógeno, dando resultados negativos el reaislamiento de la especie fúngica inoculada en este tratamiento. Las plantas tratadas con fosfito presentaron un estado morfológico y fisiológico igual, y en algunos aspectos mejor, que el Control no inoculado. Se puede concluir que sería posible lograr una acción protectora frente a P. cinnamomi mediante el tratamiento con fosfitos durante el cultivo en vivero.The oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands is the mean responsible for oak decline in southern Spain. This paper investigates the relationship between phosphoric fertilization of Quercus ilex and Q. suber seedlings and resistance to the disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. The study was conducted on holm oak and cork oak seedlings previously submitted to a phosphoric fertilization programme involving four different treatments, namely: Phosphate-A (3 mg P2O5 seedling), Phosphate-B (6 mg P2O5 seedling), Phosphite (0.15 mg de P2O5 seedling) and No Fertilization. Tests were conducted in greenhouse over a period of 7 months and a number of treatments to plants inoculated with Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. were applied, assessing the changes in their morphological (viz. height, root and collar diameter, and secondary root biomass) and physiological characteristics (viz. leaf nutrient contents). Based on the results, phosphate failed to improve plant resistance to P. cinnamomi; by contrast, phosphite successfully avoided infection by this pathogen. In fact, the phosphitetreated plants exhibited a morphological and physiological status similar to or even better than that of the non-inoculated controls. The protective effect of phosphite against P. cinnamomi can be achieved by applying it during seedling cultivation in nurseries

Censo de focos de "Heterobasidion annosum" (Fr.) Bref. en ecosistemas de pinsapo

Se exponen los resultados de un censo de focos de podredumbre radical causada por Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. en ecosistemas de Abies pinsapo Boiss. en las tres áreas de distribución natural de la especie en la Península Ibérica: los pinsapares de Sierra de las Nieves (Málaga), Sierra de Grazalema (Cádiz) y Los Reales de Sierra Bermeja (Málaga). La búsqueda del patógeno se dirigió a la observación de los sistemas radicales de los pies derribados visibles en el monte, para posterior delimitación de las zonas afectadas y cumplimentación de una ficha de campo específica para la descripción y caracterización de la enfermedad. El patógeno fue detectado en la totalidad de las áreas muestreadas, en un total de 81 centros de infección o focos, contabilizándose, adicionalmente, 11 zonas de elevada mortandad de pinsapo (áreas de posible infección), donde no pudo comprobarse la presencia del patógeno, si bien ésta se consideró posible. El Parque Natural Sierra de las Nieves fue el más afectado, con un 88.9% de los focos detectados. En Sierra de Grazalema la incidencia fue considerablemente inferior, si bien las características del pinsapar y las particularidades de la enfermedad en la zona hicieron temer de un riesgo generalizado de infección. Finalmente, Los Reales fue la zona menos afectada, con tan sólo un foco con causa atribuible a H. annosum.We expose the results of an inventory of gaps of trees of Abies pinsapo with root decay caused by Heterobasidion annosum. The sampling was developed in ecosystems with Abies pinsapo Boiss., in the species natural areas of the Iberian Peninsula: Sierra de las Nieves (Málaga, Spain), Sierra de Grazalema (Cádiz, Spain) and Los Reales de Sierra Bermeja (Málaga, Spain). The pathogen research was restricted to the observation of the radical systems in windthrown trees, identification in roots and further delimitation of the affected surface. The pathogen was identified in 81 infection centers, aditionally accounting 11 areas of high mortality oí Abies pinsapo trees {areas of possible infection), where the presence of H. annosum was not certain but considered possible. Sierra de las Nieves Natural Park was the most affected area, reaching the 88.9% of the total amount of infections centers. Sierra de Grazalema showed a lower incidence, although the stand features and disease particularities in this Park make us suspect a general and high risk of infection all over the A. pinsapo forest. Finally, Los Reales was the least affected zone, with only one infection center with root decay caused by H. annosum